Enoxaparin sodium is a low molecular weight heparin used as an anticoagulant for the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Enoxaparin sodium is a white or off white powder, odorless, hygroscopic, soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and acetone. It has a strong negative charge in aqueous solution and can form molecular complexes with some cations. The aqueous solution is relatively stable at pH 7.
Enoxaparin sodium is a low molecular weight heparin preparation that can increase the ratio of anticoagulant factor Xa to IIa activity to greater than 4, thereby exerting strong anti thrombotic and certain hemolytic effects. There was no significant change in overall coagulation indicators, platelet aggregation time, and binding to fibrinogen at the recommended dose. Although low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is suitable for all heparin fragments with a molecular weight less than 8000 Da, the effect of each fragment still depends on the molecular weight. A study comparing enoxaparin sodium (molecular weight of 4000-6000 Da) with unseparated heparin in vitro showed that, based on their respective molecular weights, the inhibitory effect of enoxaparin sodium on thrombin was reduced by about 5 times compared to unseparated heparin. In vivo studies have also shown that subcutaneous application of heparin significantly increases the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) compared to subcutaneous application of enoxaparin sodium.
The maximum effect time of subcutaneous injection of enoxaparin sodium is 3-5 hours, with a duration of 24 hours and a bioavailability of 92%, depending on the activity of anticoagulant factor Xa. Animal studies have shown that enoxaparin sodium selectively aggregates in the kidneys, liver, and spleen, with a distribution volume (Vd) of 6-7 L/kg. The average half-life is 4.5 hours (3-6 hours), with elderly patients having 6-7 hours and renal failure patients having an average extension of 1.7 times. The kidneys are the basic pathway for the excretion of enoxaparin sodium, mainly through glomerular filtration.
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